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| Non-Rationalised Science NCERT Notes and Solutions (Class 11th) | ||||||||||||||
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Class 11th Physics NCERT Notes and Solutions (Non-Rationalised)
1. Physical World
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the **physical world** and the scope of physics. It explores the fundamental concepts of physics, its relationship with technology and society, and the key sub-disciplines within physics. The chapter discusses the fundamental forces in nature – gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces – and introduces the concept of unification and reduction in physics, illustrating how seemingly disparate phenomena are explained by underlying principles, reflecting the inherent order in the universe.
2. Units And Measurements
Accurate **measurement** is crucial in physics. This chapter introduces the concept of **physical quantities**, fundamental and derived quantities, and the necessity of standard units. The International System of Units (**SI units**) is discussed, including base units (metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela) and derived units. The chapter covers the measurement of length, mass, and time. **Dimensional analysis** is introduced as a tool for checking the consistency of equations and deriving relationships. Errors in measurement and the concept of **significant figures** are explained, emphasizing the precision and reliability of experimental results.
3. Motion In A Straight Line
This chapter describes the simplest form of motion: **motion in a straight line** (rectilinear motion). Key kinematic concepts are introduced: position, path length (distance), displacement (vector), speed, velocity (vector), and acceleration (vector). Different types of motion, including uniform and non-uniform motion, are discussed. The chapter extensively uses **graphs** (position-time, velocity-time, acceleration-time) to represent motion and interpret kinematic variables. The fundamental **equations of motion** for uniformly accelerated motion ($\textsf{v = u + at}$, $\textsf{s = ut} + \frac{1}{2}\textsf{at}^2$, $\textsf{v}^2 - \textsf{u}^2 = 2\textsf{as}$) are derived and applied to solve problems, providing a quantitative description of linear motion.
4. Motion In A Plane
Extending the study of motion to two dimensions, this chapter deals with **motion in a plane**. It introduces **vectors** as quantities having both magnitude and direction, essential for describing motion in more than one dimension. Vector algebra, including addition, subtraction, and resolution of vectors, is explained. Key topics include **projectile motion** (motion of an object launched into the air under gravity, following a parabolic path) and **uniform circular motion** (motion with constant speed but continuously changing velocity due to centripetal acceleration). Understanding vectors is crucial for analyzing motion in complex scenarios.
5. Laws Of Motion
This chapter introduces the fundamental relationship between **force** and **motion** through **Newton's Laws of Motion**. Newton's First Law describes **inertia** – the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of rest or motion. The Second Law quantifies the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration ($\vec{\textsf{F}} = \textsf{m}\vec{\textsf{a}}$). The Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Concepts like **momentum** ($\vec{\textsf{p}} = \textsf{m}\vec{\textsf{v}}$), impulse, and the principle of **conservation of linear momentum** are derived and applied to various physical systems, including collisions.
6. Work, Energy And Power
This chapter introduces the concepts of **work**, **energy**, and **power**, fundamental in describing the transfer and transformation of energy. Work is done by a force when it causes displacement ($\textsf{W} = \vec{\textsf{F}} \cdot \vec{\textsf{s}}$). Energy is defined as the capacity to do work, discussed in various forms, with a focus on mechanical energy. **Kinetic energy** ($\textsf{KE} = \frac{1}{2}\textsf{mv}^2$) due to motion and **potential energy** due to position are explored. The **Work-Energy Theorem** and the **Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy** for conservative forces are central. Power is defined as the rate at which work is done ($\textsf{P} = \frac{\textsf{W}}{\textsf{t}}$).
7. System Of Particles And Rotational Motion
This chapter extends the analysis of motion from point masses to **systems of particles** and **rigid bodies**, introducing **rotational motion**. Concepts like the **center of mass** (the point where the entire mass of a system is considered to be concentrated) are introduced. **Torque** ($\vec{\tau} = \vec{\textsf{r}} \times \vec{\textsf{F}}$) is defined as the rotational equivalent of force. **Angular momentum** ($\vec{\textsf{L}} = \textsf{I}\vec{\omega}$) is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum. **Moment of inertia** ($\textsf{I}$), the rotational inertia, is explained. The relationship between linear and angular variables and the **conservation of angular momentum** principle are key topics.
8. Gravitation
This chapter explores the fundamental force of attraction between any two objects with mass: **gravitation**. **Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation** ($\textsf{F} = \textsf{G}\frac{\textsf{m}_1\textsf{m}_2}{\textsf{r}^2}$) is discussed. Concepts like acceleration due to gravity ($\textsf{g}$), its variation with altitude, depth, and Earth's shape/rotation, are explained. **Gravitational potential energy**, **escape speed** (minimum velocity to escape Earth's gravity), and **orbital velocity** of satellites are derived. **Kepler's laws** of planetary motion, describing the orbits of planets around the Sun, are also presented, providing a celestial perspective on gravitational force.
9. Mechanical Properties Of Solids
This chapter deals with the behaviour of **solid materials** under external forces, focusing on their elastic properties. Concepts like **stress** (internal restoring force per unit area) and **strain** (relative deformation) are introduced. **Hooke's Law**, which states that stress is proportional to strain within the elastic limit, is central. Different moduli of elasticity – **Young's modulus** (for tensile/compressive stress), **Shear modulus** (for tangential stress), and **Bulk modulus** (for volume stress) – are defined. The stress-strain curve is discussed, illustrating elastic limit, yield point, and fracture point, providing insights into material strength and deformation.
10. Mechanical Properties Of Fluids
This chapter explores the behaviour of **fluids** (liquids and gases) both at rest and in motion. **Fluid statics** covers concepts like **pressure** (force per unit area), **Pascal's Law** (pressure transmission in enclosed fluids), and **Archimedes' principle** (**buoyancy**). **Fluid dynamics** introduces **streamline flow** and **turbulent flow**. **Viscosity** (resistance to fluid flow) and **Surface Tension** (force per unit length acting on a liquid surface, causing it to minimize area) are discussed. **Bernoulli's principle**, derived from energy conservation for ideal fluids in streamline flow ($\textsf{P} + \frac{1}{2}\rho\textsf{v}^2 + \rho\textsf{gh} = \textsf{constant}$), is a key concept with numerous applications.
11. Thermal Properties Of Matter
This chapter focuses on the effects of **heat** and **temperature** on matter. It discusses the relationship between heat and thermal energy. **Temperature scales** (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin) and their conversions are explained. **Thermal expansion** of solids, liquids, and gases is covered, describing how dimensions change with temperature. Concepts like **specific heat capacity** and **latent heat** are introduced to quantify the heat involved in temperature changes and phase transitions (melting, boiling, sublimation). The three modes of heat transfer – **conduction**, **convection**, and **radiation** – are detailed, explaining how heat energy moves from one place to another.
12. Thermodynamics
**Thermodynamics** is the branch of physics dealing with heat and its relation to other forms of energy and work. This chapter introduces fundamental concepts like thermodynamic system, surroundings, state variables, and **internal energy**. The **First Law of Thermodynamics** ($\Delta \textsf{U} = \textsf{Q} - \textsf{W}$ or $\Delta \textsf{U} = \textsf{Q} + \textsf{W}$ based on work convention), a statement of energy conservation, is central. Different **thermodynamic processes** (isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric) are discussed. The **Second Law of Thermodynamics** introduces the concept of **entropy** ($\Delta \textsf{S}$) and dictates the direction of spontaneous processes and the limitations on converting heat into work, explaining the working of **heat engines** and refrigerators.
13. Kinetic Theory
This chapter provides a microscopic explanation for the macroscopic behaviour of gases based on the **Kinetic Theory of Gases**. It models a gas as a large number of tiny particles (molecules) in constant random motion. The postulates of the kinetic theory are discussed. It explains how concepts like **pressure** and **temperature** arise from molecular collisions and kinetic energy. The relationship between average kinetic energy of gas molecules and absolute temperature is derived. The **Law of Equipartition of Energy** and the concept of degrees of freedom are introduced to understand the internal energy of gases and solids.
14. Oscillations
This chapter explores **oscillations**, which are periodic motions that repeat over time, like the swing of a pendulum or a mass vibrating on a spring. It focuses on **Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)**, the simplest and most fundamental type of oscillation, characterized by a restoring force proportional to displacement and directed towards equilibrium. Concepts like amplitude, time period (T), frequency ($\nu$), angular frequency ($\omega$), and phase are discussed. The energy in SHM (sum of kinetic and potential energy) is shown to be conserved. Examples like the **simple pendulum** and loaded spring are analyzed.
15. Waves
This chapter introduces **wave motion** as a mechanism for transferring energy and momentum without bulk transport of matter. It distinguishes between **transverse waves** (vibrations perpendicular to propagation, e.g., light on a string) and **longitudinal waves** (vibrations parallel to propagation, e.g., sound). Key wave properties – amplitude, wavelength ($\lambda$), frequency ($\nu$), time period (T), and wave speed ($\textsf{v} = \nu\lambda$) – are defined. The **principle of superposition** is central, explaining phenomena like **interference** (combination of waves) and the formation of **standing waves**. Reflection and the Doppler effect are also discussed.